International Journal of Management studies and Social Science Research

Hadiza Mali Bukar, Bulus James Ngada

Department of Political Science and Administration, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Yobe State University,Damaturu., Department of Political Science and Administration Yobe State University

ABSTRACT:It is an established fact that Nigeria is a constant participant of countries for UN peace-keeping missions. From existing statistics, the country has participated in not less than thirty-eight peace-keeping missions since it attained independent in 1960. Twenty-nine of these missions are carried out under the United Nations, three under the OAU/AU and ECOWAS, two under bilateral agreement and one, which is presently going on in Darfur and Mali under a joint UN/AU arrangement. Since the end of the cold war in November 1990, the situation of peace-keeping missions has undergone remarkable changes, in the high-tech environment of the 21st century. This bringing into focus Nigeria’s roles in UN peacekeeping missions; been the major key players in global peace-keeping missions. This paper is therefore attempted a critical analysis of Nigeria’s role in UN peace-keeping missions, which she remain as an effective role-player in sustaining global peace. Among the role highlighted in the paper, which are by no means exhaustive are: finding ways of addressing Africa’s conflicts under-representation in the UN Security Council, to ensure that Africa’s interest is not compromised in any peacekeeping missions; improving Africa’s domestic capacity to manage African conflicts through an integrated conflict management system, in order to minimise the frequent resort to prolonged peace-keeping missions for which Africa is unprepared to effectively handle; and promoting the culture of democratic governance in Africa to reduce the incidents of violent conflicts in the continent. The paper recommended that to sustain Nigeria in peace-keeping missions she should enlisted to enjoy the permanent member in the UN Security Council

Keyword: United Nation, Peace-keeping, Security and International Community.

Hadiza mali, Fatimehin olayemi olufemi.

1department of public administration, yobe state university 2department of public administration, maiduguri university

ABSTRACT:Fiscal federalism appears to have generated more political conflicts than any other question in the recent political economy of Nigeria. The deep sense of injustice evoked by the centralization of resources in the federal centre, the perception that political power has been wielded by ethnic majorities at the expense of the minorities, has heightened the crisis of resource control in the polity. This paper using secondary source of data discusses fiscal federalism and resources control in Nigeria. At the heart of federalism is the issue of power distribution. Fiscal responsibility is the oil that grinds the interaction among the levels of government. The paper examine fiscal federalism and the challenges of fiscal federalism in Nigeria, the study found out that, the origin and dynamics of Nigerian federalism have been largely dictated by the peculiarity of the Nigerian environment, or to be more specific, the sociological qualities of the Nigerian social formation which provided in the federalist ideology a convergence of interests between the class and ethnic interests of the emergent ruling elite in the dying period of colonial rule. On the quest resource control the study found out that, the biggest challenge and perhaps, obstacle to the quest for resource control is the implication for fiscal inequalities among the constituent elements of the Nigerian federation.

Keyword: Fiscal Federalism, Resource Allocation, Fiscal Responsibility, Centralization and Political Economy.

Mustapha, Saidi Atanda and Isiaka, Muideen Adejare

Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria;

ABSTRACT:The paper examines the asymmetric effects of exchange rate and inflation on output growth in WAMZ countries. Most of the countries in WAMZ are import dependent, and it is obvious that any shock in exchange rate will affect domestic inflation and by implication influence the pattern of output growth. Therefore, forming a monetary union necessitates understanding of exchange and inflation rates asymmetric effects on output growth in these countries. Quarterly data on real exchange rate, inflation and output growth were garnered for twenty-four (24) years. Findings from both the linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Non-Linear ARDL models show that the positive asymmetric shock of inflation increases output growth; while the negative asymmetric shock of inflation reduces WAMZ growth rate of output. More so, positive real exchange rate has negative asymmetric shock on WAMZ output growth. This indicates that the aftermath of currency appreciation in West Africa Monetary Zone (WAMZ) has negative impact on output growth of member countries. Howbeit, the size of the effect is considerably large, however, the period in which the complete effect is pass-through to output growth is four quartiles, which is approximately a year. The paper recommends that effective policy on inflation specifically, policy to increase positive asymmetric shocks in inflation before the complete pass-through of real exchange rate effects will either reverse or reduce the effects of exchange rate asymmetric shocks on output growth in these countries.

Keyword:Exchange rate, Asymmetric shocks, Inflation rate, Output growth

1Prof. Habu Muhammad, 2Bulus James Ngada, 3Hadiza Mali Bukar

1Department of political Science, Bayero University Kano. 2Department of Political Science and Administration Yobe State University 3Department of Political Science and Administration, Faculty of Social And Management Sciences.Yobe State University , Damaturu.

ABSTRACT:At the end of world war 11, the United Nations was born with big five organs; such as Security Council which is the most powerful organ of the UN. But from 1955, there had been an increases demand for change of the UN Security Council which is regarded by many as a prominent exclusive club. The paper argued that the disregard for the principle of equity, justice, and fair play of United Nation incapacitate Nigeria interest for permanent seat statue in the United Nation Security Council; despite her role in 1945 World War 1 (WW1) and after the World War 11(WW11). At independence, Nigeria joined the international machinery for the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts under UN status quo. Since 1960 to date Nigeria had participated in over 50% of all UN, AU, ECOWAS and other bilateral security Operations. In all these operations, Nigeria has made enormous sacrifices to ensure global peace to gain international relevant as means of securing permanent seat at the UN Security Council. This Military professionalism has placed Nigerian military above their counterparts in the region. Howbeit, the paper unraveled the proposal to make UN more democratic and more representative of diverse people of the world. In the light of Africa contribution to global security especially effort of Nigeria, the paper is set to give Nigeria a permanent seat as indicated for, while taking a holistic view of Nigeria’s prospects for a permanent seat on the UNSC, also analyzing the challenges confronting Nigeria hope in obtaining a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. The paper recommended that Africa should strongly support Nigeria bid for permanent seat.

Keyword: United Nation, Peace-keeping, Security and International Community.

Lucio Muñoz*

* Independent Qualitative Comparative Researcher / Consultant, Vancouver, BC, Canada

ABSTRACT: Perfect market competition is at the heart of traditional market thinking. So when perfect markets shift, our thinking should perfectly shift too in order to be able to operate in the new perfect market, this is true whether we shift towards a green market or a red market or a sustainability market. For example the 2012 Rio + 20 conference chose to correct the traditional market to account for the environmental cost of doing business only; and therefore they chose a shift from perfect traditional market thinking to perfect green market thinking. However, if they would have chosen instead to correct the traditional market to account for both the social cost and the environmental cost of doing business at the same time, then they would have chosen a shift from perfect traditional market thinking to perfect sustainability market thinking. And this would have indicated the need to understand the expected behavior of markets under perfect sustainability market competition, a knowledge that as far as the author knows does not yet exists. The main goal of this paper is to point out how markets should be expected to work under perfect sustainability market competition.

Keyword: Traditional markets, sustainability markets, perfect market competition, perfect sustainability market competition, market shifts, red markets, sustainability producers, sustainability consumers, short term costs, short term sustainability market costs, long term costs, long term sustainability market costs.